As high-latitude soils warm, microbes in the soil change how they handle nutrients like nitrogen. Normally, these microbes are nitrogen recyclers, pulling it from the soil and turning it into inorganic forms—like ammonium and nitrates—that plants can absorb. But a new study published in Global Change Biology suggests that with rising temperatures, microbes are changing their strategy. They take up more nitrogen for themselves while reducing the amount they release back into the environment. This change alters the flow of nitrogen through the ecosystem, potentially slowing vegetation growth and affecting the rate at which our planet warms.
These findings come from experiments carried out in subarctic grasslands near Hveragerði, Iceland. In 2008, earthquakes rerouted groundwater in an area that had been warmed by geothermal gradients, creating patches of soil heated between 0.5°C and 40°C above normal temperatures. The event turned the region into a natural laboratory where researchers could study how ecosystems respond to long-term warming under natural conditions.
Earlier research in this location had already shown that in warming soils, microbes become highly active while plants are dormant. As a result, nitrogen-containing compounds released into the soil by the microbes were lost, either by leaching into groundwater or by escaping into the atmosphere as the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide.
In this work, scientists added nitrogen-15 to the soil, which they could track to determine how much the plants had used up and what they did with it. Researchers found that after the initial nutrient loss, microbes became more conservative in their handling of nitrogen, recycling nitrogen internally rather than absorbing more from the ground. At the same time, microbes stopped releasing ammonium, a nitrogen-rich by-product of their normal metabolism that is usable by plants—the microbial equivalent of urine, said study coauthor Sara Marañón Jiménez, a soil scientist at the Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications in Spain.
Nitrogen Heist
This change in nitrogen cycling has important consequences for the whole ecosystem. On the one hand, it has a positive effect because it prevents further nitrogen loss.
“The study shows that nitrogen is not released as inorganic nitrogen, but it seems to go directly in an organic loop,” said Sara Hallin, a soil microbiologist at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Uppsala who was not involved in the study. “You could say that it’s a positive aspect, and so it’s more beneficial for the ecosystem if that nitrogen is sort of retained.”
“If microorganisms start immobilizing nitrogen, it could lead to competition between microbes and plants.”
On the other hand, microbes’ nutrient-hoarding behavior might reduce nitrogen availability for plants. “There’s a delicate feedback between plants that take nitrogen, make photosynthesis, and put carbon in the soil as organic matter and microorganisms that take this organic matter, recycle it, and release nitrogen in forms the plants can use,” Marañón Jiménez said. “If microorganisms start immobilizing nitrogen, it could lead to competition between microbes and plants.”
The team is now working on a study to determine what exactly happens to soil at the very early stage of warming, before nutrients have been lost. “This way we hope to recover the first chapters, to see what we’ve been missing,”
To this end, they transplanted bits of normal soils into heated areas to study the process in detail from the very beginning. “Soils exposed to [soil] temperature increases showed the same nutrient loss after 5 years [as] after 10 years,” Marañón Jiménez said, suggesting that most of the nutrient loss occurs early on.
A Greenhouse Time Bomb
Climate models may be underestimating how the loss of nitrogen and carbon from cold soils is contributing to global warming, researchers said. Disruptions to nutrient cycling at these latitudes could represent a previously overlooked source of greenhouse gas emissions.
Arctic soils store massive amounts of carbon, built up over thousands of years from plant material that microbes cannot fully break down. This partially decomposed organic matter accumulates, forming one of the largest carbon reservoirs on Earth. As temperatures rise, scientists expect microbes to become more active, accelerating decomposition and releasing much of this stored carbon into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
“As biomass is lost from the microbial mass, that means there’s less storage capacity for carbon and nitrogen in the soil, leading to poorer soils where plants can’t grow as well.”
Researchers had hoped warmer temperatures would allow plants to grow more vigorously, absorbing some of the extra carbon released by Arctic soils.
The new findings call this idea into question. “It’s a chain reaction,” Marañón Jiménez explained. “As biomass is lost from the microbial mass, that means there’s less storage capacity for carbon and nitrogen in the soil, leading to poorer soils where plants can’t grow as well, and plants cannot compensate emissions by absorbing more carbon.”
Studying these geothermally heated soils could yield confusing results, though. “It’s not really the way global warming works,” Hallin said. Global warming includes increases in air temperature, she explained, whereas the plants in the current study had only their root system in a warmer climate, not their aboveground shoot system. “That could potentially cause some effects [the researchers] are not accounting for,” she said.
Finally, the authors of the new study also warn that not all soils have the same response to warming. The Icelandic soils in this study are volcanic and rich in minerals, unlike the organic peat soils that dominate many Arctic regions. Deep peatlands in Scandinavia and northern Russia store vast amounts of carbon and may behave differently, highlighting the need for similar long-term studies across a wider range of Arctic landscapes.
—Javier Barbuzano (@javibar.bsky.social), Science Writer
Citation: Barbuzano, J. (2026), As some soils warm, microbes stockpile essential nutrients, Eos, 107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EO260043. Published on 28 January 2026.
Text © 2026. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
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